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  Introduction
  Geography
  People
  Government
  Economy
  Communications
  Transportation
  Military
  Transnational Issues

In general, information available as of 1 January, 2004
was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2004.


This page was last updated on 30 November, 2004


Map of Kazakhstan

Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Kazakhstan
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.
   Geography    Kazakhstan
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural River in eastern-most Europe
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Asia
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 2,717,300 sq km
land: 2,669,800 sq km
water: 47,500 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 12,012 km
border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 7.98%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.97% (2001)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
23,320 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050
   People    Kazakhstan
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
15,143,704 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 24.4% (male 1,884,369; female 1,807,585)
15-64 years: 68% (male 5,028,455; female 5,268,726)
65 years and over: 7.6% (male 404,940; female 749,629) (2004 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 28.3 years
male: 26.6 years
female: 30 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.26% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
15.52 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.59 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
-3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 30.54 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 35.24 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 66.07 years
male: 60.72 years
female: 71.73 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.9 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 300 (2001 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Kazakhstani(s)
adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Uygur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.4%
male: 99.1%
female: 97.7% (1999 est.)
   Government    Kazakhstan
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form: Kazakhstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Astana; note - the government moved from Almaty to Astana in December 1998
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qala, singular - qalasy); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995 the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonyr, formerly Leninsk)
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Republic Day, 25 October (1990)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Daniyal AKHMETOV (since 13 June 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Akhmetzhan YESIMOV (since 14 May 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's previous term was extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, Engels GABBASSOV 1.5%
note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded his presidential powers by decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (39 seats; 7 senators are appointed by the president; other members are popularly elected, two from each of the 14 oblasts, the capital of Astana, and the city of Almaty, to serve six-year terms; note - formerly composed of 47 seats) and the Majilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77 Majilis members are elected from the winning party's lists; members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next to be held NA December 2005); Majilis - last held 19 September and 3 October 2004 (next to be held NA September 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; candidates nominated by local councils; Majilis - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Otan 42, AIST (Stork) 11, ASAR (All Together) 4, Ak Zhol (Bright Path) 1, Democratic Party 1, independent 18: note - most independent candidates are affiliated with parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV]; AIST (Agrarian Party-Civic Party Bloc); Ak Zhol Party "Bright Path" [Bulat ABILOV, Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Zhanat YERTLESOVA, Alikhan BAYMENOV, Altynbek SARSENBAYEV, co-chairs]; ASAR "All Together" [Dariga NAZARBAYEVA, chairwoman]; AUL "Village" [leader NA]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; Democratic Choice Party of Kazakhstan [Asylbek KOZHAKHMETOV]; Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Maksut NARIKBAEV]; Otan "Fatherland" [Gani YESIMOV, chairman]; Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat [Altynshash JAGANOVA]
note: twelve parties in Kazakhstan were registered for the elections in the fall of 2004
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Alash [Sabet-Kazy AKATAY]; AZAMAT "Citizen" Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and Galym ABILSEITOV, cochairmen]; Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan [Galymzhan ZHAKIYANOV, Nurzhan SUBKHANBERDIN, cochairmen]; Labor and Worker's Movement [Madel ISMAILOV, chairman]; Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]; Orleu "Development" Movement [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; People's Congress of Kazakhstan of NKK [Olzhas SULEIMENOV, chairman]; People's Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan [Umirzak SARSENOV]; Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN]; Socialist Party [Petr SVOIK]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Kanat B. SAUDABAYEV
chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488
FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845
consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. ORDWAY
embassy: 97 Zholdasbekova, Samal-2, Almaty, 480099
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [7] (3272) 50-48-02
FAX: [7] (3272) 50-48-84
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold
   Economy    Kazakhstan
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also is a large agricultural - livestock and grain - producer. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a growing machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and a solid 9.5% in 2002 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. The opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, by developing light industry. Additionally, the policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; the government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements, and tensions continue.
GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $105.5 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.2% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 7.7%
industry: 37.7%
services: 54.6% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
23.9% of GDP (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
26% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 27.3% (2001)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
35.4 (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.6% (2004 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7.634 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8.8% (2004 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $6.729 billion
expenditures: $6.999 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
15.5% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8.8% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
52.43 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
48.36 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
3.6 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
3.2 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
798,200 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
195,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA (2001)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.709 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
14.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
920.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$-68.8 million (2004 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$12.72 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Bermuda 17%, Russia 15.2%, Switzerland 13%, China 12.8%, Italy 7.8% (2003)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$8.621 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%, foodstuffs 8% (2001)
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Russia 39%, Germany 8.7%, China 6.2%, US 5.6% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$4.962 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$24.45 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$610 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (2000)
Currency:
Definition Field Listing
tenge (KZT)
Currency code:
Definition Field Listing
KZT
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
tenge per US dollar - 149.576 (2003), 153.279 (2002), 146.736 (2001), 142.133 (2000), 119.523 (1999)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Kazakhstan
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2,081,900 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.027 million (2002)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.kz
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
21,984 (2004)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
250,000 (2002)
   Transportation    Kazakhstan
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 13,601 km
broad gauge: 13,601 km 1.520-m gauge (3,661 km electrified) (2003)
Highways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 81,331 km
paved: 77,020 km
unpaved: 4,311 km (2000)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing
4,000 km
note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers (2004)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
condensate 640 km; gas 10,527 km; oil 9,771 km; refined products 1,187 km; water 1,465 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:
Definition Field Listing
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,064 GRT/646 DWT
by type: roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 26 Netherlands 1 (2003 est.)
Airports:
Definition Field Listing
392 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 64
over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 10 (2003 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 328
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 22
914 to 1,523 m: 71
under 914 m: 217 (2003 est.)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
1 (2003 est.)
   Military    Kazakhstan
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Force, Republican Guard
Military manpower - military age:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age (2004 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 4,233,623 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 3,381,606 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males: 169,004 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
   Transnational Issues    Kazakhstan
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
Kazakhstan and China have resolved their border dispute and are working to demarcate their borders to control population migration, illegal activities, and trade; delimitation of boundary with Russia is almost complete - delimitations with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are complete with demarcations underway - delimitation with Kyrgyzstan is largely complete; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea is under discussion; equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe

This page was last updated on 30 November, 2004


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